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This paper constructs an index system for evaluating the efficiency of COVID-19 sporadic outbreak prevention and control from three dimensions (epidemic prevention and control, epidemic traceability, and epidemic background) and with nine sub-indicators (pidemic duration, confirmed cases, detection route, mobile population management policy, flow investigation and tracing, nucleic acid detection, etc.) This evaluation index system is used to calculate and evaluate the control of epidemic in all the 32 regions of Chian since June 1, 2020 to June 1, 2021. Results show that there were significant differences in the efficiency of epidemic prevention and control among these regions, that the intensity of prevention and control measures did not match the severity of the epidemic, and that the management policies for mobile populations across regions lacked a unified yet scientific basis. Based on these, certain epidemic prevention and control management optimization suggestions are presented.
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We define the concept and analyze the connotation of the post-pandemic era by reviewing the recent foreign research on social impacts, risk prevention and control, and emergency management in the post-pandemic era. The current state of foreign research in the post-pandemic era is outlined, and the progress of foreign research on social impacts like urban planning and travel patterns, as well as core issues like risk prevention and control and emergency management in the post-pandemic era is analyzed in detail. The characteristics and shortcomings of existing research are summarized and future research in the postpandemic era is also forecasted. COVID-19 has had a huge impact on how people socialize, travel, and work, as well as changing industry trends, technical advancements, and social governance. Uncertainty is the most significant risk feature of the post-pandemic era, and the coupling of numerous hazards poses a new set of challenges to emergency management practices.
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BACKGROUND: After the rapid spread of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the short-term and long-term mental health impacts of the pandemic on the public, in particular on susceptible individuals, have been reported worldwide. Although digital mental health services expand accessibility while removing many barriers to in-person therapy, their usability, feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy require continued monitoring during the initial phase of the pandemic and its aftermath. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to understand what mental health services are offered, whether they are practical or acceptable, and to what extent digital mental health services are effective in response to the COVID-19 pandemic across high-income and low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline. We implemented searches in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases for studies that were published between December 2019 and November 2021 and that involved the use of digital mental health services. Two review authors screened, assessed, and extracted studies independently. The protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. RESULTS: This review identified 7506 articles through database searching. In total, 65 (0.9%) studies from 18 countries with 67,884 participants were eligible for the scoping review. Of the 65 studies, 16 (24.6%) were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 15 (23.1%) studies measured the usability; 31 (47.7%) studies evaluated the feasibility; 29 (44.6%) studies assessed the acceptability; and 51 (78.5%) studies assessed the efficacy. Web-based programs (21/65, 32.3%), videoconferencing platforms (16/65, 24.6%), smartphone apps (14/65, 21.5%), and SMS text messaging (5/65, 7.7%) were the main techniques. Psychotherapy (44/65, 67.7%) followed by psychoeducation (6/65, 9.2%) and psychological support (5/65, 7.7%) were commonly used. The results of the meta-analysis showed that digital mental health interventions were associated with a small reduction in depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference=-0.49; 95% CI -0.74 to -0.24; P<.001) and a moderate reduction in anxiety symptoms (standardized mean difference=-0.66; 95% CI -1.23 to -1.0; P=.02) significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that digital mental health interventions may be practical and helpful for the general population, at-risk individuals, and patients with preexisting mental disorders across high-income and middle-income countries. An expanded research agenda is needed to apply different strategies for addressing diverse psychological needs and develop integrated mental health services in the post-COVID-19 era. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022307695; https://tinyurl.com/2jcuwjym.
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COVID-19 , Mental Health Services , Humans , Pandemics , Feasibility Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the construction mode of full-time staff for infection control in prefecture-level cities under the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to lay a foundation for infection control of epidemic prevention and control and medical safety. METHODS: A three-level collaborative promotion system which was led by the health administrative department, undertaken by the hospital association, and cooperated by the quality control center was established. Refinement of the promotion measures was taken from six aspects, including the number of full-time staff, team management, ability improvement, echelon construction, development space and discipline construction and so on. Specifically, the construction and assessment of full-time personnel was strengthened, training courses on nosocomial infection management in primary-level medical institutions was carried out, a youth backbone echelon was established, the treatment of full-time staff was guaranteed and the department of infection management was incorporated into the management of medical technology departments in an exploratory way, the evaluation standard of municipal key clinical specialties was formulated and the evaluation was organized, and the department of nosocomial infection with strong comprehensive strength would be built and supported as a "municipal clinial key specialty project". RESULTS: The total number of full-time staff for infection control in the secondary and tertiary medical institutions in the city had increased to 102, and the ratio of person to bed had increased to 1:76 and 1:173, respectively, both higher than the provincial average level. The self-assessment of the cultural atmosphere of infection control in hospitals and the leaders' emphasis on infection control of 60.34% and 63.79% full-time staff increased significantly. The infection control management department of the two third-grade first-class hospitals ware selected as the first batch of municipal key clinical specialties and received construction funds. The full-time staff had achieved zero breakthroughs in the provincial projects and municipal talent projects. CONCLUSION: By establishing a three-level collaborative promotion system of "Health and Health Commission-Hospital Association-Quality Control Center", the ability of full-time staff and their sense of belonging could be improved significantly with a policy support from the aspects of discipline development, treatment and promotion channels, et al., providing ideas and models for ordinary prefecture-level cities to build professional infection control management team.
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Resource scarcity imposes challenging demands on the human cognitive system. Insufficient resources cause the scarcity mindset to affect cognitive performance, while reward enhances cognitive function. Here, we examined how reward and scarcity simultaneously contribute to cognitive performance. Experimental manipulation to induce a polar scarcity mindset and reward conditions within participants under functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording was implemented to explore the mechanism underlying the scarcity mindset and reward in terms of behavior and neurocognition. Participants showed decreased functional connectivity from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) with a scarcity mindset, a region often implicated in cognitive control. Moreover, under reward conditions, the brain activation of the maximum total Hb bold signal was mainly located in the left hemisphere [channels 1, 3, and 4, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (L-VLPFC) and channel 6, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC)], and there was also significant brain activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) in the right hemisphere (channel 17). Furthermore, these data indicate the underlying neural changes of the scarcity mentality and demonstrate that brain activities may underlie reward processing. Additionally, the base-tree machine learning model was trained to detect the mechanism of reward function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). According to SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), channel 8 contributed the most important effect, as well as demonstrating a high-level interrelationship with other channels.